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Multilingual Illustrated DVD [Tutorial]

The Biology of Prenatal Development




BAYỌLỌJI NKE MMALITE OTITO TUPU ỌMỤMỤ NWA

.Igbo


National Geographic Society This program is distributed in the U.S. and Canada by National Geographic and EHD. [learn more]

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Chapter 1   Introduction

Mmegharị ụda, usoro nke otu sel nge nke akwa mmadụ chara acha jiri bụrụ sel nari agụtaagụta nke okenye nwere ike ịbụ ịhe kachasi pụta ihie n’ụwa.

Ndị nchọpụta amatala ugbu a na ọtụtụ usoro ọrụ nke ahụ okenye na-arụ na-agba mkpọlọgwụ n’afọime - ọtụtụ mgbe tupu ọmụmụnwa.

Oge usoro otito tupu ọmụmụ nwa ka aghọtara dika ọge nkwadebe bụrụkwa ọge nke mmadụ na-eto eto na- enweta ọtụtụ ndọkọ, na mmụgharị nke ọtụtụ nka achọrọ maka ịdịndu ma amụchaa nwa.

Chapter 2   Terminology

Idiime na mmadụ na-anọrukarị rahụrahụ izu iri atọ na asatọ dịka esiri haa ya site n’oge njikọta spam nke nwoke na akwa nke nwanyị, ma ọ bụ site n’ọge ọtụtụime ruo n’ọmụmụ.

N’izu asatọ nke mbụ na-esote njikọta spam nke nwoke na akwa nke nwanyị, mmadụ na amalite otuto izizi n’ụwa ka ana akpọ “ẹmbrayo”, nke pụtara “otito n’ime.” Ọge a ana-akpọ ọge mmalite ọkpụkpụ, bụ oge amara amara eji akpụpụta ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ ndị kachasi mkpa n’ahụ mmadụ.

Site na ngwụcha izu asatọ ruo na ngwụcha afọime, “mmadụ nke na-akpụta akpụta ka ana-akpọ fitọs,” nke pụtara “nwa na-amụbeghị amụ” (ya bụ nwa ebu n’afọ). N’oge ana-akpọ oge nke fitọs (ya bụ oge ebu nwa n’afọ), anụ ahụ na–eto nke ukwu, akụkụ ahụ dị iche na–ebido rụwa ọrụ.

Ọge ọkpụkpụ na oge fitọs n’ile di n’ime ihe ọmụmụa n’ekwu maka oge kemgbe njikọ spam nwoke na akwa nwanyị.

The Embryonic Period (The First 8 Weeks)

Embryonic Development: The First 4 Weeks

Chapter 3   Fertilization

Dika bayoloji si kwuo, “mmalite otito mmadụ na–ebido na njikọta spam nwoke na akwa nke nwanyị,” mgbe nwanyi na nwoke na- gwọkọta kromozon iri abụọ na atọ nke ya abụọ site na njikọta akwara ọmụmụnwa ha.

A na–akpo kari akwara ọmụmụnwa nke nwanyi “akwa,” Mana ihe ekwesiri ka-akpọ ya bụ okite (oocyte)

N’otu aka ahụ, akwara ọmụmụ nke nwoke ka amara ebe niile dịka “spam” mana aha akara nabata bu spamatozuunu.

Isoro mgbe ewepụtara otu okite site na ihe na – echekwa akwa nwanyị site n’usoro ana akpọ ovuleshion, nke bu mgbe akwa sitere n’ihe na-echekwa ya pụta, okite na spamatozuunu na-ejikọta n’ime otu eriri akpa nwa, nke a na-akpọ falopian tuub mgbe ụfọdụ.

Eriri akpa nwa na ejikọta ebe akwa nwanyi na-anọ na akpa nwa ya.

Ihe ga amalite bụ otu sel ẹmbrayo nge nke a na-akpọ zaigọtụ, nke pụtara ntagbade ma ọbụ njikọta ọnụ.

Chapter 4   DNA, Cell Division, and Early Pregnancy Factor (EPF)

Kromozon iri anọ na isii nke zaigọtụ na - anọchite ihe pụrụ iche nke mbụ nke bụ njirimara agbụrụ zuru oke nke mmadụ ọhụrụ ahụ. Isi atụmaatụ a na - ebiri n’ime ntachiri ụmụ irighiri ihe gwọkọrọ agwọkọ nke ana - akpọ DNA. Ha na–ebu ndụmọdụ maka usoro otito nke ahụ niile.

Ụmụ irighi ihe a ana akpọ DNA yiri mbụbe ahikọrọ ahịkọ nke amara dịka heliks gbara mkpị. Ihe mebere ụkwụ mbube ndị a bụ ụmụ irighịri ihe ndị a gbara abụọ abụọ, ma ọ bụ ihe mgbakasi ukwu ana-akpọ Gwanine, sitosin, adenin, na tamin.

Gwanine na sitosin naanị na-agakọta, ebe adenin na tamin na - agakọtakwa. Otu n’ime sel ndị a na–enwe rahurahu njeri atọ ụmụ ịrigịhi ihe ndia gbara abụọ abụọ.

DNA di na otu sel na–enwe ama buru ibu nke bụ na ọbụrụ na – etinye ya n’okwu ederede, naani ideputa mkpụrụ edemede mkpado ukwu nke ọbụla ga–eri iwe ihe kariri mpempe akwukwọ kariri otu nde na okara!

Ọ bụrụ na edebe ya isi na isi, DNA nọ n’ime otu sel mmadu na – eru ihe dịka fiiti atọ na ụzọ otu n’ime atọ ma ọ bụ otu mita.

Ọ bụrụ na atụghasịa DNA niile nọ n’ime sel agụgụtaagụta, Ọ ga – agbati ihe ruru njeri maili iri isii na atọ Ogologo ga – esite n’ala ruo n’anyanwụ ma biagha chikwa ugboro nari atọ na iri anọ.

Rahurahu awa iri abụọ na anọ ruo n’awa iri ato mgbe njikọta spam nwoke na akwa nwanyị gachara, zaigọtụ na - agazụ nkerisi sel nke mbụ. Site n’usoro nke ana - akpọ mitosis, otu sel na – agbabi ụzọ abụọ, abụọ agbabie ụzọ anọ, weediri gawazie.

Site n’ihe dịka awa iri abụọ na anọ rụọ iri anọ na asatọ mgbe njikọta spam nwoke na akwa nwanyi bidoro, E nwere ike ichọpụta afọime site ịchọputa homonụ nke ana–akpo “nzuko mbido odime nwanyi n’ime ọbara nne nwa.

Chapter 5   Early Stages (Morula and Blastocyst) and Stem Cells

Ebe ụbọchi atọ ruo ụbọchị anọ mbe mmekọta spam nwoke na akwa nwanyi gachara, nkerisi sel nke ẹmbrayo na – ewere oyiyi dị gburugburu, ẹmbrayo a ka ana - akpọ mọrụla.

Abia n’ụbọchi anọ rụọ na nke ise oghere ga - akpụta n’ime ẹtiti sel nke a na n’ime ẹmbrayo ka ana – akpozi blastosist.

Sel nọ n’ime blastosist ka ana - akpọ sel ukwu nke di n’ime na ewetakwa isi, ahụ, na akụkụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa maka ntoputa mmadụ.

Sel ndị nọ n’ime sel ukwu nke di n’ime ka ana akpọ “ẹmbrayonic stem cell” maka na ha nwere ikikere ime ka otu n’ime ha ruo ihe kariri nari sel iri abụọ dị iche iche no n’ime ahụ mmadụ.

Chapter 6   1 to 1½ Weeks: Implantation and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Mgbe ọ gagharichara n’ime eriri akpa nwa, ẹmbrayo nke izizi na-edewe onwe ya n’imerime akpa nwa nne ya. Usoro a ana – akpo nkunye n’ime akpa nwa, na – ebido na mkpuru ubæchi isii ma gwuchaa site n’ ụbọchị iri ruo ụbọchị iri na abụọ mgbe njikọ spam nwoke na akwa nwanyị gachara.

Sel si na ẹmbrayo na – eto eto ga – ebido mepụtaba homonụ nke ana - akpọ Human Chorionic Gondotropin or HCG, ihe nke anachọ putakari n’otụtụ nlele eji amata onye dị ime.

HCG na edu homonụ nke nne nwa ka ọ na – emekụta ọnọdụ nsọ nwanyị, na – eme ka afọ ime gaa n’ihu.

Chapter 7   The Placenta and Umbilical Cord

A na – eso nkunye n’akpa nwa a, sel ndị di na mpụta nke blastosisti na – eme ka enwee akụkụ nke ana – akpọ plasenta [ya bụ ịhe na-ejikọta akụkụ n’ime afọ nke nwanyị na nwa obu n’afọ. Ebe a ka nwa si enweta nrị ya], nke na - arụkwa ọrụ dịka ihe na - ejikọta nne na nwa, n’ime ka ọbara ha gazuo ahụ niile.

Plasenta na – ebubata ume nne, erimeri, homonụ na ọgwu n’ ime ahụ mmadụ ka na – etoputa etopụta; na-ewepụtakwa ihe niile anụ ahụ na - achọghị (ya bụ nsị); ọ nakwa – egbochi obara nne ka ọ ghara igwakọta n’obara nke ẹmbrayo na fitọs.

Plasenta na emeputakwa homonụ na anagidekwa ọnọdụ ahụ ẹmbrayo na fitọs ka ọdịtụ elu karịa nke nne ya.

Plasenta jikọtara mmadụ nke na-etolite site n’ime eriri na ejikọta nne na nwa (ya bụ eriri nwa).

Ike ọche ndu nke plasenta na nke ndị nọ n’ụlọ ọgwụ ndị dị ugbua, n’ebe ana – elebarara ndị ọria na-ria nke ukwu anya biazi hara

Chapter 8   Nutrition and Protection

N’izu nke mbụ, sel nke dị n’ime sel ukwu na - akpụpụta ogo abụọ ana - akpọ haipoblastị nakwa epiblastị.

Haipoblastị na – eme ka enwe nkochi ime akwa nwa, nke bụ otu n’ime akụkụ nke nne si ebuga nri nye nwa nke na amalite ọkpụkpụ.

Sel si na epiblastị na - ekepụta mgbidi ana - akpọ amniọnụ, n’ime nke ẹmbrayo na fitọs (ya bụ nwa ebu n’afọ) ma emesia na – eto ruo oge ọmụmụ.

Chapter 9   2 to 4 Weeks: Germ Layers and Organ Formation

Na rahụrahụ izu abụọ na ọkara, epiblastị ekeputala akwara atọ nwere ọrụ ha pụrụ iche, ma ọ bụ ngidịrigi izizi, ana - akpọ ektodamụ, endodamụ, na mesodamụ.

Ektodamụ na eweputa ọtụtụ akụkụ gunyere ụbụrụ, ọgidigi azụ, irighiri akwara, anụ ahụ, mbọ, na ntụtụ isi.

Endodamụ na - ekepụta usoro nke akụkụ okuku ume na akụkụ ogwugwa nri, na-ewepụtakwa ọke ogan ndị dị oke mkpa dị ka umeji n’ononukporokọ.

Mesodamụ na - akpụpụta mkpụrụobi, akịrị, ọkpụkpụ, katileji [ya bụ ịhe dị na ahụ mmadụdịka ọkpụkpụ ma na-anọkwa anọ], mọzụlụ, sel ọbara, na akụkụ ndị ọzọgasi.

N’izu atọ ụbụrụ ekeribela n’ụzọ ato dị mkpa nke ana -akpọ ụbụrụ dị n’iru, na ụbụrụ nke dị na etiti, nakwa ụbụrụ nke dị na azụ.

Ntolite nke akụkụ okuku ume na nke ogwụgwa nri na – amalitekwa nke ha.

Dika sel ọbara nke mbụ na – aputa n’ime nkochi ime akwa nwa, iko ọbara na amalite itopụta n’ahụ ẹmbrayo niile, tuubu nke mkpụrụobi na aputakwa ihe.

N’otu mgbe ahụ, mkpụrụobi nke na eto ọsọ ọsọ ekeji sibe n’ime onwe ya dịka ọnọdụ digasi iche iche malitekwa tobe.

Mkpụrụobi ga – ebido kụba n’izu atọ na otu ụbọchi nke na – esote mmekọta spam nke nwoke na akwa nke nwanyị.

Ihe na-ebughari mmẹ ẹ n’ahụ n’ile bụ ihe nke mbụ n’ahụ mmadụ, ma ọ bukwa otu ogan yiri onwe ha, na-enweta ọnọdụ na - arụ orụ ofuma.

Chapter 10   3 to 4 Weeks: The Folding of the Embryo

N’ime izu atọ na izu anọ, atumatụ nke ahụ mmadụ na - amalitekwa di ka ụbụrụ, ogidigi azụ, na mkpụrụobi nke ẹmbrayo, a na – amata ha n’enweghi nsogbu otu aka ahụkwa, ebe ihe na-ekochi ime akwa nwa dị.

Otito ọsịsọ na – ebute njikọ nke ẹmbrayo amarala na ọ di abadaba. Usoro dị otu a na etinyekọta mpaghara nkochi ime akwa nwa n’ime mgbochi nke sistem na - ahụ maka ogwugwa nri na akpụpụtakwa eze obi nakwa oghere dị n’afọ nke mmadụ na – etote etote.

Embryonic Development: 4 to 6 Weeks

Chapter 11   4 Weeks: Amniotic Fluid

N’ izu anọ amịnịọn doro anya na agba ẹmbrayo gburugburu n’ihe dịka akpa mmiri juru. Mmiri aga a, ana - akpọ akpa mmiri ọmụmụ, na – echedokwa ẹmbrayo maka ihe mmerụ ahụ.

Chapter 12   The Heart in Action

Mkpụrụobi na - akuru ihe dịka ugboro otu nari na iri na atọ n’otu nkeji.

Hụba ama ka mkpụrụobi si – agbanwe agwa mgbe obara n’a-abata na-apụkwa n’akpa ya n’otu ụda.

Mkpụrụobi na-akụ nhatanha ugboro nde iri ise na anọ tupu ọmụmụnwa nakwa ihe kariri ugboro njeri atọ na nari puku abụọ n’ije ndụ onye gbara afọ iri asatọ.

Chapter 13   Brain Growth

Otito ụbụrụ nke dị osọ ọsọ na-apụta ihe site na-mgbawe nke anụahụ nke ụbụrụ dị n’iru, ụbụrụ dị n’etiti, na ụbụrụ nke dị n’azụ.

Chapter 14   Limb Buds

Otito nke ukwu n’aka yana mpụta nke akwa aka n’ukwu, n’izu nke anọ.

N’oge dị otu a,oghere ihe nke anụahụ aputala, n’ihi na osisi ike ya bụ nke naani otu sel.

Anụ ahụ na esi ike, ọ ga-eme ka oghere ihe a ya lakpuo, nke putara na anyi ga enwe ike ilele naanị ogan ndị nke nọ n’ime ka ha ga esi too site oge ahụ ruo ihe dịka otu ọwa ọzọ.